- Elements of a Cochrane Review
- About Cochrane
- The Steps of a Cochrane Review: an Overview
- What are systematic reviews?
- Cochrane Library – Using the Advanced Search
- Searching for Systematic Reviews in Cochrane Library
- Cochrane Review authors
Elements of a Cochrane Review
At the top of a Cochrane review you will find the title and the publication date,,which tells you how up-to-date the review is.,This is followed by information about the review authors.,The first section of the review is the Abstract, often available in different languages.,This is a short summary of the key aspects of the review,and is mainly aimed at researchers and other users familiar with the scientific methodology.,The second section, often most important to consumers,,is the Plain language summary, also available in different languages.,This sums up the review in everyday language so that non-specialists can understand it.,Sometimes this is the only part of the review youll feel you need to read.,You can search Plain language summaries at Cochrane Evidence.,You can read the Authors conclusions,before you get into the detailed report of the review methods and results.,This section includes implications for practice, which discusses,how the review findings can be used to make informed decisions in healthcare, or policy practice.,In the Implications for Research section,,authors discuss the gaps in knowledge that were uncovered by the review.,The next is the Summary of Findings table,,which sums up the results of the review and includes measurements of the quality of the evidence.,You can learn more about this table in the next module titled Understanding and Using Systematic Reviews.,The body of a Cochrane Review starts with a Background,,which puts the research question into context.,The Background section gives an interesting overview of the topic you are exploring.,This section is followed by the Objectives, which set out concisely what the researchers wanted to find out.,The Methods section gives a detailed account of how the review is carried out.,In this section you will find out information about the types of studies,,participants, interventions, and outcomes included in the review.,There are many other procedures and considerations described in this section,,most of which are useful primarily for researchers and other experts to judge the quality of the review.,The Results section describes the studies included in the review.,The effects of the intervention are presented in greater detail.,The Results section is closely linked with the Data and Analysis section,,where the results are presented visually as Forest Plots.,You can learn more about this in the next module titled Understanding and Using Systematic Reviews.,In the Discussion section you can find a summary of the main results,,how they can be applied, and how confident we can be in these results.,Any agreements or disagreements with other closely related studies or reviews are discussed here.,There are other elements of a Cochrane Review:,acknowledgments, references, and various additional information that some users may find important or interesting.,Even though some sections of the review might not interest you,,at the very least they show how thorough and exhaustive the Cochrane Review process is!
About Cochrane
More: livewave antenna review cnet
The Steps of a Cochrane Review: an Overview
thank you to everyone for joining,us for todays webinar id like to thank,the funders of cochran canada without,whom these webinars,are training systematic reviews and,capacity building could not happen,thank you as well to cihr for their,continued support,id also like to thank paho for kindly,providing the software for our webinars,and the special thank you to the week of,pierre cueva who produces videos,of our webinars,without further adieu id like to,introduce todays webinar on cochrane,101 the steps of a cochrane review an,overview,we will be hearing from al mayhew today,al is the coordinator of the cochran,bias message group,he graduated from the physiotherapy,program at the university of toronto in,1981,and he also completed a masters degree,in epidemiology in,1999 he was the managing editor for the,cochrane effective practice,and organization of care group based at,the ottawa hospital research institute,for nine years he has presented,abstracts and workshops,at numerous local national and,international conferences,and is a co-author on five cochrane,reviews,al please go ahead,thanks adele um thank you very much for,the introduction,um and uh its really my pleasure to be,here on this cold wintry,thursday afternoon um maybe i could look,for,some signal that you people are hearing,me okay and that my volume is coming,through okay,uh again a smiley face thumbs up i dont,know if theres an ear icon or not,great okay so as i quickly scans,releases some of you are responding so,thats good as soon as you were having,lunch and,thats fine too um but anyway sorry all,kidding aside it is,quite a pleasure to be here and this is,a talk i do enjoy giving,as adele mentioned i used to work for,the effective practice and organization,of care group which is a review group in,cochrane,and i changed roles in september of,last year and now work for the bias,methods group,so i actually was thinking about this,this talk is going to be a little bit,different because,of my perspective now in terms of doing,it from a methods group and sort of also,not only talking about the role of the,review groups in terms of you,getting a review except in the title,moving ahead and making a decision on it,but also on some of the roles what the,other groups in cochrane can offer to,that as well,so feel free to um chat in your,questions,so that we are you know and ill take,them ive put aside a slide halfway,through,and therell also be times at the end,for questions as well,so no further introduction lets go,ahead,just gotta find the right button here,there we go so,in summary this is what were gonna try,and talk about today sort of,what is a systematic review and im sure,many of you attended the session last,week that theresa marin gave,that was the first part of this,three-part series and so some of the,stuff,uh well touch on again and ill try and,link into some of the things that,theresa talked about,why systematic reviews are important,what are the key features of a,systematic review,and then moving into exactly what,happens with the cochrane review and why,cochrane is a little bit different and,how you go about deciding on a topic,recruiting or identifying your team,members,which crg or cochrane review group is,the best fit,and how you actually go about,registering your title and then finally,what resources,would be available to help you complete,okay,um i see one chat person who says,the volume isnt wonderful asking me to,speak into the microphone is that,clearer ive moved ive,turned tried to turn my volume up a,little bit ive got the microphone a,quarter of an inch away from my mouth so,i dont know if thats helpful or not,okay great thank you um,okay next slide so,we have time for another poll and were,just trying to get an idea,geographically and whereabouts youre,coming from so,if you could answer a if youre from,north america b south america etc,ced if you just moved to north america a,few months ago saying you want to put,your original location down thats fine,anyway if you just give us an idea of,where people are coming from that would,be really helpful,wow 30 for mother thats great,oh im sorry thats 30 from none i mean,no one from other okay that makes a,little more sense,and 54 from north america okay,super thanks very much for that um,moving on,to my next slide,so what is a systematic review and i,think its always important to go back,and think about what what we mean by a,systematic review,and the only challenge i find with this,definition is we use systematic,in terms of describing what a systematic,review is but nonetheless the fiction,fits pretty well were looking for a,review of a clearly formulated question,okay so we understand what it is youre,trying to ask and the question is clear,to everybody,it uses systematic and explicit methods,okay so the methods follow a process or,a standard,system or standard mechanism of moving,ahead,and uses explicit methods to both,to all three identify select and,critically appraise,relevant research and also to collect,and analyze the data from the studies,that are included in the review,so its important to think that the,methods are,not only just extracting the data,its everything from identifying,selecting and appraising the data and,judging the quality of it or the,relevance of it initially and then to,collect that data and analyze it and,somehow put it together to come up with,a review,okay so the systematic review is not,just a little statistical meta-analysis,plot that many of you have seen it,involves everything from developing the,question,using the methods and then identifying,the research all of which are really,important,parts,why well its a really efficient way to,access the body of research im sure,youre all aware that,theres often studies published or that,are,written or presented at different,conferences and whatever that contradict,with each other,and what were looking for in systematic,reviews is to try and get an idea to get,an overall statement by accessing all of,the research,and coming up with a final or some sort,of sense about what the results actually,say using scientific methods to put them,together,were also looking to explore the,differences between studies because by,systematically searching for them and,finding them you can actually say okay,is there really a difference between,this study that shows,the intervention was effective and the,other one that does not,and provides a bit more of a reliable,basis for decision making and that,its an unbiased selection of the,relevant information,useful for health care policy future,research because,as much of the information is there and,its clear to the authors and,transparent about how the information,was obtained,okay those of you heard me speak before,this is going to sound familiar so,ill just apologize for that i guess,its good to be consistent,the key features of a systematic review,should include as i mentioned clearly,state of,objectives very obvious predefined,eligibility criteria so its,apparent to the reader what studies,youre including,also explicit reproducible methodology,so again i can read it and understand,what youre doing,um there should be a systematic,literature search that says which,databases you searched and how you went,about doing them what search strategy,you used,some assessment and description of the,validity,of how you assess the validity of your,included studies,and finally a synthesis in the,presentation of findings,now that box over top of it is supposed,to represent a window,and what i want to make this point and,im probably going to make it again and,its something many of you heard me jump,up and down about before,whats really important is youre really,transparent,what has to be obvious is i can look at,your review read your review and i,understand what you do,so its clear i look at the big picture,and i can see what you did,this doesnt mean ill always agree with,what you did okay maybe i would have,used a different search strat
More: pieces of her review
What are systematic reviews?
Što su sustavni pregledi?,Sustavni pregledi pomažu pronalaženju smisla velikog broja različitih podataka.,Oni su način pregledavanja svih podataka i rezultata istraživanja koja proučavaju,određeno pitanje na standardiziran, sustavan način.,Sustavni pregled omogućuje objektivan i jasan pogled na sve dokaze vezane za određeno pitanje.,Cochrane logo vizualno prikazuje kako se mogu objasniti rezultati nekih sustavnih pregleda.,Evo kako sustavni pregled funkcionira.,Prvo, treba definirati pitanje i suglasiti se oko objektivne metode proučavanja.,Zamislite područje definirano pitanjem kao krug.,Sve unutar kruga je područje proučavanja.,Sve izvan kruga nije.,U taj će krug biti uključeni odgovarajući podatci.,Time počinje potraga za relevantnim podatcima.,Ti podatci mogu doći iz različitih izvora, uključujući podatke iz kliničkih istraživanja.,Zamislite da oblici prikazuju podatke iz različitih istraživanja, primjerice različitih kliničkih istraživanja.,Podatci moraju imati pravilan oblik da se uklope.,Da bi rezultati bili pouzdani, uključiti se smije samo podatke istraživanja koja ispunjavaju određene kriterije;,primjerice, odabir istraživanja koje je dobre kvalitete i odgovara na postavljeno pitanje.,Ako istraživanje ispunjava kriterije, može se prikupiti više informacija o tom istraživanju.,Informacije koje se odaberu mogu odgovarati na pitanja:,Kako je istraživanje provedeno?- što često nazivamo metodom.,Tko je sudjelovao u istraživanju?- koliko je uključivalo ispitanika?,Kako je istraživanje bilo plaćeno? Primjerice, izvori financiranja.,Što se dogodilo? Koji su ishodi?,Te se informacije uspoređuju s kriterijima da bi se procijenila kvaliteta istraživanja.,Jednom kad je informacija nađena, ona se može analizirati primjenom kompleksnih statističkih,postupaka da bi se dobio konačan rezultat iz cijelog skupa podataka.,Krug je jedan način vizualnog prikaza podataka.,Naziva se blobogram ili grafikon raspona pouzdanosti.,Područje pretrage definirano istraživačkim pitanjem može se podijeliti na polovicu Da i polovicu Ne -,na pozitivnu i negativnu stranu.,Što je kraća crta, to su pouzdanije informacije koje dobivamo iz podataka.,Zamislite dulje crte kao manje precizne i raspršenije podatke, a kraće crte kao preciznije i više grupirane.,Zamislite znanje kao svjetlo i neznanje kao tamu.,Što je širi fokus svjetla, to je ono slabije i stvari se manje jasno vide.,Ako je svjetlo usmjereno i podatci su jasnije grupirani, možemo biti sigurniji u ono što vidimo.,Dijamant prikazuje zajedničke rezultate svih uključenih podataka.,Budući da konačan rezultat uključuje podatke iz više izvora, smatra se pouzdanijim i boljim dokazom.,Što više podataka ima, to možemo biti sigurniji u zaključak.
Cochrane Library – Using the Advanced Search
Searching for Systematic Reviews in Cochrane Library
Hi Im Wendy Thompson, Im a librarian at the Round Rock Campus Library. ,In this tutorial, I will be demonstrating how to search for systematic reviews in the ,database Cochrane Library. I will show you the simplest way to conduct a search in the database ,and how to view your results so you can get started with your research.,Im currently on the Cochrane Library homepage. If you need guidance on how to ,access Cochrane or other databases please view my tutorial on Selecting a Database. ,Lets get started. From the home page click advanced search. This brings us ,to the page where we can enter our search terms. Notice that we are on the search ,tab. We will not be going over the other tabs, but feel free to explore them on your own. ,I do want to mention PICO search, which you can use if you have a PICO question. ,I find it easier to use the basic search even when I have a PICO question, but, again, ,feel free to explore it on your own. The first thing we need to do is enter our search terms. ,In Cochrane you use keyword searching and the operators and, or, and not, as well as other ,commands, like phrase searching and truncation. If you need to review database search commands ,please see my tutorial Searching Databases using a PICO Question.,Cochrane has remembered my previous search so I do not need to enter keywords. When you are ,searching Cochrane you will type your keywords into these boxes. I used terms that I identified ,as keywords from a PICO question. My first term is pediatric patient, which I truncated so the ,database brings back patient or patients plural. When you are searching any database keep in mind ,that the database will only bring back articles that mention the words you type in the search box.,Im going to keep the search field on title abstract, keyword, so the database will search ,for the terms we type in the box in the title, abstract, and keyword fields of the articles. ,You can change this to other fields, which commands the database to search for your search ,terms in those fields. For example, if I wanted the database to return articles written by a ,particular author, I would select the author field and type the authors name into the search box.,My next term is asthma which I typed on the second line. You can enter all of your search terms on ,one line, but a better strategy is to enter your terms on separate lines because if you dont get ,the search results you want having the terms on separate lines makes it easier to change them.,Im going to select the and operator so the database will only bring articles that mention ,both pediatric patient and asthma. We could add another search term by clicking the plus sign, ,but Im just going to limit our search to just two concepts. ,A good strategy is to keep your initial search terms down to two to three concepts because the ,more terms you add the less likely you are to find articles that discuss all of those terms.,Now Im going to click run search and see what we get. We returned 31 systematic reviews,,1189 trials, and one editorial. The main purpose of Cochrane database is to provide access to ,systematic reviews that Cochrane sponsors, so you will have full text access to the reviews. ,Cochrane does not provide full-text access to the trials, ,but Cochrane does let you know what databases do provide access. When I click on the trials tab, ,I see citations for trials that have something to do with the keywords I ,entered. If I scroll down to source I can see the databases that provide access to the trials.,If the source is Pubmed or CTGOV which stands for clinicaltrials.gov or Cinahl, you may be ,able to access the full text article, however we do not have access to Embase through Texas State.,ICTRP is the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, which provides brief ,records of trials but not necessarily full text access. Lets go back to the reviews tab. ,Lets take a look at a review on our list so you can see the different tools Cochrane offers.,Some of the reviews, like the first one, lists the PICOs for the study, which you may find useful.,If i click on the title of the review,,I can access the systematic review, as well as access tools, such as printing and sharing. ,If you want to email the review to yourself click share then email. If you click Cite this Review,,you can export the citation to different citation managers,or you can just copy and paste the citation,into your paper working bibliography. Regardless of which method you use, I suggest that you ,double check the citation for errors using a citation manual like the AMA citation manual.,That concludes my tutorial on Searching Cochrane Library for Systematic Reviews. ,If you have any questions please stop by the RRC library or chat with us online.
Cochrane Review authors
My name is… [in several languages],[music],>>Prathap: It was in Oxford. I was working there.,I was completing my education and trying to learn what it is like to be an Englishman and a psychiatrist. ,And it so happened that the senior resident I was working with answered a question that I asked him. ,I asked him, “Why is it that you dont use a particular treatment in the UK, but we use it in India for people with schizophrenia?”,And he said, “Thats interesting, why don’t you do a systematic review?”,[music],>>Cuervo: [Spanish] A colleague I worked with, Juan Manuel Lozano, handed me some floppy disks.,And he said, “Why don’t you take a look at this.”,And there was a systematic review on the exact topic I was searching. ,And when I looked at it I had some uncertainties about the quality of the review,and there was an email so I wrote to Sonja Henderson. ,And Sonja wrote back in a very constructive way,,“If you find limitations in the review we invite you to improve on it.”,And that incited me to work with The Cochrane Collaboration.,>>Henderson: Its quite exciting actually, having people from all over the world contact you ,because they also believe in something, what youre actually trying to do,and to be able to support them in order to do that.,I mean the people that actually get in touch with us are incredibly dedicated and very intelligent people,very dedicated to the work that they do.,>>Nabhan: I sent this email to the Co-ordinator of the Pregnancy and Childbirth Group in Liverpool,and she instantly replied, very cooperative.,And then she told me that, “Do you have contact with any consumer group?” ,I said, “No.” She said, “Ok, well get you in contact with someone.,Are you in contact with good statisticians and methodologists?”,I said, “No, sorry.” She said, “Ok, well solve that for you; well get you in contact with someone.,Do you have any of other things that you dream of?”,And I said, “Ok, I dream of doing something good that might be of some use to some people.”,She said, “Ok, well help you with that.”,[music],>>Okebe: The protocol stage was pretty much a learning process for me,because it was both in terms of introduction to systematic writing,and then trying to do research in a place where you have your job,with all your patient load and your call of duties and all those things.,>>Noyes: We conduct the systematic reviews mostly without funding,,So, this is over and above what you would do in your normal day job.,So, its the extra hours that you put in. ,So, I see that as a sort of a voluntary contribution of giving back to society.,And I like the fact that the product that you produce ends up in The Cochrane Library;,its well respected, its got high impact. So therefore, its something thats really worthwhile doing.,>>Grimshaw: Its also, I think intellectually, a very stimulating process.,So, I think if you do a review, you really get engaged in that,and engaged in the process and it improves your critical thinking.,It improves the way you think about health care.,>>Nasser: It was amazing.,I was young. I was newly graduated, nobody took me serious.,And some people took me serious and gave me a chance to collaborate.,And, the thing is, that’s the two side of it. It had the scientific part – that’s important. ,I learned about patient involvement, and evidence, and it made sense. ,And this other side, it was the only organisation, international organisation, ,that gave a young, female dentist in Iran a chance to prove herself and get involved.,>>Grimshaw: As people get involved in this it allows them to network,with people globally, build friendships, build professional relationships.,It plugs you into a globally community.,>>Okebe: The Collaboration has, to a large extent, helped me focus,in terms of what my research priorities are, what my professional goals look at.,Because before, when I was in Nigeria, the idea was kind of,,“Lets try and address the problem one patient at a time,”,but you realise that with The Collaboration, you have the opportunity to, not just address the problem one at a time, ,but you could actually address it beyond your own borders.,[music],>>Henderson: It’s very much a team effort, a collaborative effort, ,listening to each other and responding to people ,and treating everybody as an individual.,>>Cuervo: [Spanish] The ethos of using investigative evidence to make informed health decisions, ,that is something I have taken up from the Collaboration,and I find most people in the Collaboration have this generous attitude,of improving the welfare of people, giving the best of themselves.,>>Nabhan: What’s happening every day within each Cochrane Review Group.,That people, everyone is doing his job in collaboration in harmony,sharing the spirit of goodwill,to produce something that will be of great use to humanity and to people all over the world.,[music]